HPV & PAP Testing: What You Need to Know
When it comes to cervical health, HPV and PAP testing are two important tools that help with prevention and early detection. While these screenings are routine, many people still have questions about what they test for, how often they’re needed, and what abnormal results actually mean.
Here’s a simple breakdown of HPV and PAP testing - and why staying up to date matters.
What Is HPV?
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. In fact, most sexually active individuals will come into contact with HPV at some point in their lives.
There are many different strains of HPV:
Some strains are considered low-risk and may cause genital warts.
Others are considered high-risk because they can increase the risk of cervical cell changes that may lead to cervical cancer over time.
In many cases, the immune system clears HPV naturally without causing any long-term issues. However, persistent high-risk HPV infections can sometimes lead to abnormal cervical cells, which is why screening is so important.
What Is a PAP Test?
A PAP test checks for abnormal or precancerous changes in the cells of the cervix.
During the test:
A healthcare provider gently collects cells from the cervix using a small brush or swab.
The sample is sent to a lab for analysis.
The goal is to detect abnormal cells early - before they become more serious.
A PAP test does not test for all sexually transmitted infections, and it does not diagnose cervical cancer itself. Instead, it helps identify changes that may need monitoring or further evaluation.
What Is HPV Testing?
HPV testing specifically checks for the presence of high-risk HPV strains associated with cervical cancer risk.
Depending on your age, medical history, and provincial screening guidelines, HPV testing may be:
Done alongside a PAP test
Used as the primary cervical screening tool
Recommended after an abnormal PAP result
Many screening programs are gradually shifting toward HPV-based screening because it can identify higher-risk individuals earlier and more accurately.
What Happens If Results Are Abnormal?
An abnormal result does not automatically mean cancer.
Abnormal results can occur for several reasons, including:
Temporary HPV infections
Mild cervical cell changes
Inflammation or irritation
More significant precancerous changes that require follow-up
Depending on the findings, your provider may recommend:
Repeat testing in the future
HPV testing
A colposcopy (a closer examination of the cervix)
Monitoring over time
Most abnormal cervical changes develop slowly, which is why regular screening is so effective for prevention and early detection.
How Often Should You Be Screened?
Screening recommendations vary depending on:
Age
Previous PAP or HPV results
Personal medical history
In many cases, cervical screening begins in early adulthood and continues regularly through midlife. Your healthcare provider can help determine the screening schedule that is most appropriate for you.
Why Cervical Screening Matters
Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable cancers when screening is performed regularly. HPV and PAP testing allow healthcare providers to identify changes early - often long before symptoms develop.
Routine screening is an important part of preventative healthcare and can provide reassurance, early intervention, and peace of mind.
If you’re unsure whether you’re due for screening, a great start is to book an appointment here with one of our Naturopathic Doctors at Oak, located in Burnaby, BC.